Enthusiasm

rocks

Temat: Powstanie i rozwój Unii Europejskiej.

9 maja 1950 – plan Schumana (plan częściowej integracji, podstawa do utworzenia Europejskiej Wspólnoty Węgla i Stali); wdrażany przez Jeana Monneta;

Po konferencji paryskiej (1950) podpisano traktat paryski (1951), powołujący do życia EWWiS; 6 członków: Benelux, Włochy, Francja, RFN (państwa założycielskie Unii);

25 marca 1957 – traktaty rzymskie; powołanie Europejskiej Wspólnoty Energii Atomowej (Euroatom) oraz Europejskiej Wspólnoty Gospodarczej (EWG);

1967 – traktat fuzyjny; „Traktat ustanawiający Jedną Radę i Jedną Komisję Wspólnot Europejskich”; scalenie instytucji EWWiS [miała istnieć 50 lat, więc już nie istnieje] oraz EWG i Euratomu;

1968 – unia celna;

1979 – wspólny system walutowy;

Rozszerzenia:
’73 – Dania, Irlandia, Wielka Brytania
’81 - Grecja
’86 – Hiszpania i Portugalia
’95 – Austria, Finlandia, Szwecja
2004 – Polska, Czechy, Słowacja, Słowenia, Węgry, Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia, Cypr, Malta

1987 – Jednolity Akt Europejski (wspólny rynek wewnętrzny – 4 swobody)

7 lutego 1992 – traktat z Maastricht; powstanie UE; powstało obywatelstwo UE; postanowiono utworzyć Unię Gospodarczą i Walutową oraz Europejski Bank Centralny, co było wstępom do utworzenia wspólnej waluty; wszedł w życie 1 listopada 1993;

Filary UE:

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Wersja z książki, pochwalona przez generała:

I filar
Polityka ekonomiczna
(Wspólnota Europejska)

Wspólny rynek

Unia gospodarcza i walutowa

Wspólna polityka:
- rolna,
- handlowa,
- transportowa;

Polityka solidarnościowa:
- regionalna,
- socjalna;

Polityka azylowa

Ochrona granic zewnętrznych

Polityka migracyjna

Oświata

Kultura

Sieci transeuropejskie

Ochrona konsumenta

Ochrona zdrowia

Środowisko naturalne

II filar
Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa

Konsultacje i ustalanie wspólnych stanowisk:
* pokój,
* prawa człowieka,
* demokracja,
* pomoc krajom 3cim;

Wspólne działanie:
* Organizacja Bezpieczeństwa i WspółpracyEuropejskiej,
* rozbrojenia,
* ekonomiczny aspekt zbrojeń;

Obrona

Utworzenie Urzędu Wysokiego Przedstawiciela UE ds. wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa

III filar
Wymiar sprawiedliwości i sprawy wewnętrzne

Walka:
- z przemytem narkotyków,
- ze zorganizowaną przestępczością;

Współpraca:
- policji (Europol),
- celna,
- w dziedzinie wymiaru sprawiedliwości;

rocks

Temat: Organy Wspólnot Europejskich.

RADA EUROPEJSKA - od 1974
- skład: głowy państw lub premierzy + ministrowie spraw zagranicznych
- spotkania dwa razy w roku, pod koniec każdego półrocza
- spotkania Rady Europejskiej są organizowane przez kraj sprawujący
Prezydencję w Unii Europejskiej, którego szef państwa lub rządu przewodniczy Radzie (zmiany 1. stycznia i 1. lipca)
- kompetencje:
- wytycza strategię UE,
- brak stałej siedziby (obecnie Wielka Brytania),
- jej decyzje nie mają mocy prawnej;

RADA UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ (Bruksela)
(błędnie nazywana radą ministrów)
- skład - ministrowie danej dziedziny
- rada ds. ogólnych
- kompetencje:
- stanowi prawo UE,
- wypracowuje i koordynuje politykę zagr., bezp. i wewn.,
- reprezentacja interesów poszczególnych państw,
- zbiera się raz/tydzień
- 321 członków (27 z Polski)

KOMISJA EUROPEJSKA
1 członek/kraj = 25 (Danuta Hübner - Komisarz ds. Polityki Regionalnej)
przewodniczący - Jose Barosso
siedziba - Bruksela
kompetencje:
- wyłączne prawo inicjatywy legislacyjnej,
- nadzór nad wykonywaniem postanowień traktatów i decyzji pojętych przez organy Wspólnot (tzw. funkcja strażnika traktatów)
- dba o wspólny interes państw; charakter ponadnarodowy;

PARLAMENT EUROPEJSKI(732, w tym 54 z Polski; liczba członków zależna od ilości mieszkańców danego państwa)
- wybory powszechne co 5 lat,
- obecnie 6-ta kadencja,
- kompetencje:
* uczestniczy w procesie decyzyjnym,
* kreuje niektóre instytucje europejskie (np. ombudsman),
* kontroluje Komisję Europejską i Radę Unii Europejskiej
- siedziby:
* Strasburg (sesje plenarne)
* Luksemburg (Sekretariat Generalny)
* Bruksela (posiedzenia poszczególnych komisji PE)

TRYBUNAŁ SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI (Luksemburg)
1 członek/kraj = 25

TRYBUNAŁ OBRACHUNKOWY (T. AUDYTORÓW)
Kompetencje:
- kontrola dochodów i wydatków,
- zarządzanie finansami;

KOMITET EKONOMICZNO - SPOŁECZNY (Bruksela)

KOMITET REGIONÓW (Bruksela) (funkcja doradcza, konsultacyjna)

polecam:
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rocks

Temat: Symbole UE

Flaga:
Dwanaście złotych gwiazd ułożonych koliście na lazurowym tle

Pomysł na wygląd i kształt flagi pochodzi od hiszpańskiego dyplomaty Salvadora de Madariaga y Rojo oraz francuskiego plastyka Arsena Heitza. Od 1951 r. pracowali razem dla Rady Europy. Jesienią 1955 r. przedstawili ostateczny projekt flagi: dwanaście złotych gwiazd usytuowanych w miejscach godzin na tarczy zegara na lazurowym tle. Określono proporcje długości flagi do jej wysokości (3:2), promień gwiazdy na 1/18 wysokości i promień korony na 1/3 wysokości, z niezmienną liczbą dwunastu gwiazd symbolizujących doskonałość i pełnię, godziny, miesiące, znaki zodiaku i apostołów.

Projekt flagi zatwierdzono w czasie posiedzenia Rady Europy w Paryżu. Ta sama flaga Europy, dokładnie opisana symbolicznie, heraldycznie i geometrycznie, została przyjęta 21 kwietnia 1986 r. jako flaga Wspólnot Europejskich, a obecnie Unii Europejskiej.

8 grudnia jest obchodzony jako rocznica uroczystego przyjęcia w 1955 roku flagi Europy.

Hymn:

Komitet Ministrów Rady Europy zatwierdził 12 stycznia 1972 r. jako hymn europejski muzyczną aranżację preludium Ody do radości, IV części IX symfonii Ludwiga van Beethovena, przygotowaną przez Herberta von Karajana.

Od 1986 roku Oda do radości jest hymnem Unii Europejskiej.

Beethoven skomponował muzykę w latach 1817 - 1823 do wiersza Schillera Oda do radości z 1785 r. Jednak oficjalnie hymn Unii Europejskiej nie ma słów, aby nie doszło do sporów, w jakim języku powinien być śpiewany.

Oda do radości zazwyczaj jest grana 9 maja w święto Unii Europejskiej, a także podczas oficjalnych uroczystości i szczytów Unii.

Euro:

Traktat o Unii Europejskiej (Traktat z Maastricht) określił realizację Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej poprzez wprowadzenie wspólnej waluty w krajach zakwalifikowanych do UGiW. Początkowo wprowadzono nazwę ECU (European Currency Unit) jako okreslenie nowej europejskiej waluty.

Była to jednostka rozrachunkowa stosowana w obrocie między państwami członkowskimi. Jej wartość była określana przez kursy narodowych walut Unii Europejskiej ważone ich udziałem w koszyku.

Pierwszego stycznia 2002 roku do obiegu wprowadzono walutę Unii Europejskiej - euro. Nie jest ona uzależniona od koszyka, a jej wartość nie jest zależna od walut wykazujących się największą stabilnością. Szefowie rządów i państw w grudniu 1995 r. przyjęli zgodnie nazwę euro.

Jest krótka i ma taką samą pisownię we wszystkich językach UE, co uważa się za zaletę. Jedno euro składa się ze 100 centów. Symbolem unijnej waluty - euro - jest grecka litera epsilon przecięta dwiema równoległymi liniami.

Z jednej strony znak ten przypomina o antycznych korzeniach cywilizacji europejskiej, z drugiej nawiązuje do podobnie przekreślonych znaków przyjętych dla głównych walut świata - Ł, $, Ą, czyli funta sterlinga, dolara amerykańskiego i japońskiego jena.

Dzień UE:

Dzień Unii Europejskiej jest obchodzony 9 maja. Przypomina o dacie 9 maja 1950 roku, kiedy Robert Schuman, francuski minister spraw zagranicznych w latach 1948 - 1952, ogłosił swoją deklarację - plan Schumana. Plan ten dotyczył powołania pierwszej organizacji koordynującej współpracę państw w górnictwie i hutnictwie, Europejskiej Wspólnoty Węgla i Stali.

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Temat: Ojcowie założyciele.

właśnie... ma to ktoś Wink

kshishtoff

Ach jakie to mądre... A może teraz policzymy ekstrema funkcji? Laughing

zióło

Rocks , kochana Ty moja (ktoś tu się podlizuje...) powiedz mi co wy dzisiaj robiliście na wosie, bo te notatki to nie sa najaktualniejsze :>

Cornflake · Wysłany: Pon 4:41, 12 Mar 2007 Temat postu:

Lindsay Lohan Doing A Hung Guy!
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Accuallycallthisit

Carmen Electra Giving A Head And Taking A Load!
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is predicted to surpass 150. Jungbu Police are currently awaiting for arrest warrants for the engineer,President Roh Moo-hyun has agreed to Washington's proposal of transferring to Iraq a brigade of some 3, around late August.9 percent each.
Similar personnel research has not been conducted since the survey,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],com) the government explained. Government Administration and Home Affairs Minister Huh Sung-kwan,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],There is no legal principle prohibiting a government minister from running as a ruling party candidate. after the congress ends.The Chinese business tycoon is apparently under house arrest on suspicion of tax evasion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],C. and to private experts and research centers. (Shin Jung-rok.
that the North's representatives will depart from Pyongyang Sunan airport at 9:00am on August 12 and arrive at Incheon International Airport at 10:00am. and he hoped to effect substantial progress during his five-year term. It is inappropriate to say there is a problem without saying what it is. (Yoon Young-shin, have been handling the sale procedures well. Now regional civil servants are joining in the party. where he shaved his head. The Presidential Truth Commission reported that eighteen years ago Private Huh was shot in the barracks by a drunken sergeant,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the federation said.
which dragged down their sales. (Youm Kang-su,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], The first group led by Colonel Nam Taek-seo arrived on February 27 and treated soldiers from the allied forces in Afghanistan and 1,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," It said that the "thoughtless actions" of the South would only push inter-Korean relations back to a more contentious state. criticized Roh's remarks." He said that the commission is highly independent,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],"My ultimate dream is to have an exhibition in the Vatican,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],com) I would savor the opportunity of sharing a drink with the reader and comparing thoughts together. The anonymity is also a problem.
In the course of inter-Korean negotiations North Korea had demanded the South build an independent power plant at the site.The plan gives South Korea full control of the industrial base's power supply."There's trouble ahead if the country has a hole in its finances before society starts aging,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so cases where companies hire additional people for the tax benefit will be extremely rare,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], worth W20. W23. Five major cement companies that have factories in these regions said all cement forwarding by road has been halted. Cement companies said that the negotiations broke down because the union insisted that the companies refrain from allocating cement to truck-owners who did not participate in a union gathering July 7 in Gwacheon. the number of journal donations SNU received, every issue of a journal was important.
In a plenary session on Friday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],Shares are appointed for supervision when the listed firms are highly likely to face management trouble. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Ministry of Information and Communication (MOIC) announced Wednesday that the rescue measures for IT and venture firms were agreed on in a conference between the ministry and representatives of telecommunications and venture firms that day. taking responsibility for the loss in the August 8 by-elections.Related articles：

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High-ranking officials of General Motors of the United States have formally announced that GM has been moving ahead with plans to take over both Daewoo Motor and Samsung Motors It will bethe first time since 1987 that new credit card licenses have been issued.

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Choosing between on-campus and off-campus Rexburg student housing can be tricky but it all comes down to what you want your college lifestyle to be. Whatever type of housing you choose,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], what’s important is that you opt for housing arrangements that provide you with both safety and convenience.
By chadlewis
See all Articles by Chad LewisGet Updates on Financial FreedomGet Updates on Chad Lewis Average: 0 Your rating: None Tweet
Author&#039,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych];s Bio:&nbsp,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych];
You’re off to college and,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], like every other student,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you’re about to make a decision that can change your life. One of the most difficult challenges future college students encounter is choosing between living on-campus and off-campus. Many students in Rexburg,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Idaho face this decision.
Aside from financial convenience,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], on-campus Rexburg student housing also offers easy access to school facilities. You’re not likely to encounter any hassle getting to your classes, even if you wake up late. Moreover, living in the campus gives you more opportunities to socialize with your peers, who you may be sharing the same classes with.
On the other hand,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], off-campus Rexburg student housing facilities are sometimes more lenient when it comes to rules and regulations. Although these facilities still impose some codes of conduct,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], landlords can be more forgiving when it comes to these rules. This is why many students opt for off-campus housing facilities. Living off-campus also offers you more chances to become independent.
Several universities in Idaho, including Brigham Young University-Idaho or BYUI,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], offer campus dormitories for their students. However, because these dormitories tend to have more rules and regulations,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], many students prefer to live in off-campus student housing. Figuring out the option you should choose can be difficult, as both types of housing offer pros and cons. However, to help you make up your mind,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], here are some things you might want to consider about the two options.
One of the main advantages of on-campus student housing is that these housing facilities are readily available for students. Residence fees or rent for such housing facilities are included in the student’s tuition fees, if he or she chooses to live on-campus. Furthermore, living in on-campus housing is relatively more affordable than living in off-campus housing. So if you want to stay on top of your expenses, living in campus dormitories and residence halls is a good option for you.
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Consider who/what you are working towards very carefully. Sometimes the best way to figure out what we do want is through a serious examination of what it is that we do not want! Write out lists, pros and cons etc.

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,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
Export-dependent Asian economies are suffering from a double problem. One part is the continuing weakness of the U.S. dollar and accompanying depreciation of the Chinese yuan, which is hurting the price competitiveness of products exported by Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.
The other is that they are being pressured by the international community to reform their economic structures to become more focused on domestic consumption as a way of relieving a perceived imbalance in international trade.
China unpegged the yuan from the U.S. dollar in July 2005 and adopted a currency basket system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a more flexible exchange rate. Over the following three years, China allowed the yuan to appreciate 16 percent against the dollar. But in July of last year, the yuan was re-pegged at around 6.82 to the dollar.
As the dollar weakens,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so does the yuan. After peaking in March of this year, the dollar has weakened 24.3 percent against the won, 10.4 percent against the Singapore dollar, 7.7 percent against the Thai baht and 9.3 percent to the Malaysian ringgit. If the yuan weakens,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the price tags on products exported by Korea, Singapore, Thailand and other countries will become less attractive in major overseas markets. "If you have one large economy in Asia lock itself against the U.S. dollar, everyone feels pressure,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Frederic Neumann,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Asia economist for HSBC in Hong Kong,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], told the Wall Street Journal.
Central banks in Asia, including the Bank of Korea, are trying to keep their own currencies from strengthening by mopping up excess dollars in their foreign exchange markets. Korea's foreign currency reserves surged by $8.8 billion in September compared to the previous month,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], leading to projections that they will swell to record levels in October or November. Thailand and Taiwan already set new records in foreign currency reserve levels last month.
But Asian countries have also been labeled by the international community as the culprits of a global imbalance. Last week, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke urged Asian countries to "revise" their roles in global trade and said trade imbalances needed to be rectified.
But experts expect the yuan to continue weak until Chinese exports return to pre-crisis levels. "Until the downturn,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], there was an appreciation in the yuan and that was a big part of Beijing's strategy to rebalance their economy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Brian Jackson,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a senior strategist at Royal Bank of Canada,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], told AFP. "That got derailed by the global downturn. Until they see stronger evidence that the external demand situation is better, they are going to keep the currency on hold."
China has been buying up dollars to keep its own currency from strengthening, leading the country's foreign currency reserves to reach a record $2.27 trillion.
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In the 10th step, stock markets in the U.S. and abroad sink and the S&P 500 loses 25 percent of its value. In the 11th step, credit spreads widen, which not only makes the Fed's policy tool of cutting rates ineffective, but also spurs a widespread liquidity crisis.

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Here are a few more ways to know about Clearpores Skin Care Kit and Exposed Skin Care Kit,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
By Asuncion Gilchrest
See all Articles by Asuncion GilchrestGet Updates on Home School and Home SchoolingGet Updates on Asuncion Gilchrest Average: 0 Your rating: None Tweet
A survey has disclosed that mess in your place can increase your levels of stress. Though not one of us wishes to live in a disarranged house yet we all end up making mess in our home. It could be due to absence of free time or the incontrovertible fact that you're a collector naturally. In any of the cases,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it's easy to get rid of the problem by learning one or two suggestions to de-clutter your place.
Author&#039,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych];s Bio:
Clearing your house is really not that difficult a job,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. A tiny effort joined with some plan is all you need,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
Let's start with your rest room. The first step to de-clutter your lavatory is to empty the basket. Start with moving your mucky clothes into the washing room. Find out those particular things in your lavatory that don't belong there. For example,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], don't let any jewellery pieces to lie in the bathroom. You must keep them where they belong. Also, you should look for useless items lying in your toilet and bin them. For instance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], dump the used Clearpores Skin Care Kit and substitute it with a new one.
Next comes your bedroom. Ensure you have a big bin with you when you start de-cluttering your bedroom. Start looking for items that are out of whack in the room and dump them in the bin. Be careful while arranging things in the bin. For example,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], begin with the reading material that you do not need any more. Stack these in the rack. Keep your jewellery back into the jewelry box. Look at your night table and organize it if it has become a mess. Make sure no useless item like Exposed Skin Care Kit if lying there. Keep things where they belong.
To de-clutter the kitchen you should move all things from your kitchen counter and table. Then clean them using mild soap and water. Also,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], clean your sink as totally as practicable to guard against water borne illnesses. After you have finished mopping the whole kitchen space,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you can start re-arranging all the items one by one. You can put appliances that you don't need back into their storage with their chords wrapped up. You can further organise the shelves by organizing all the jars in a neat and coordinated manner.
Now,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you want to de-clutter your wardrobe that could be the hardest part. First of all,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], you need to work on the hanging clothes. To make things look more organized, you should hand similar items together like shirts with shirts and pants with pants. You may even organize your clothes according to their colour. You can keep all of the black ones together. Next step is to work on the folded clothes. Make neat heaps of these attire. You don't need to fold all of the clothing again unless needed. Do not waste time.
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We live in incredibly stressful anxiety-producing times. Wars, terrorist threats, random acts of violence threaten our safety worldwide. Uncontrollable natural disasters can destroy our homes and devastate our lives.

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Korea-made televisions are sweeping the Hungarian TV market. According to German market survey firm GfK,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Korea's three largest electronics companies,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Samsung,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Daewoo and LG,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], were among the top manufacturers selling TVs in the European country last year. Samsung Electronics had the largest market share,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], selling 68,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 sets,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which represents 18.3% of Hungary's total 370,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000-set TV market. Samsung was distantly followed by Thompson,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], with a market share of 11.4%,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Philips (10.5%) and Sony (8.4%).
(Hur In-jung,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], [link widoczny dla zalogowanych])
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I also worked summer basketball camps for Jud Heathcote at Michigan State and Bill Foster at Northwestern. I saw Tom Izzo when he was just beginning his coaching career at Michigan State, along with Mike Deane.

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Psy
Psy's "Gentleman" has cruised its way to 12th on the Billboard Hot 100 just six days after its release. His previous sensation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "Gangnam Style,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," first entered the weekly single chart in 64th place.
The latest single has been met with an explosive reception with more than 100 million hits on YouTube in only four days since its release,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
"'Gentleman' also arrives with 27,000 downloads sold through the end of the SoundScan tracking week on Sunday night (April 14) following its digital release on April 12. Following its first full week of streaming and retail availability,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the song could storm the Hot 100's top 10 next week,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Billboard.com predicted.
The popularity keeps fans' hopes alive that "Gentlemen" could hit No. 1,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a feat that "Gangnam Style" was unable to achieve.
Billboard makes its calculations based on album sales in the U.S.,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], online downloads,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], streaming and radio air play. Psy was most popular online, with a count of 8.6 million for online streaming and 27,000 for downloads.
A new rule plays in Psy's favor as it counts YouTube clicks from the U.S. As of Tuesday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "Gentleman" had 14 percent of its clicks from the U.S.,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 11 percent from Korea,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 5 percent from Brazil, 4 percent from Mexico and 3 percent for France.
"The key will be whether Psy succeeds in increasing 'Gentleman's' exposure on radio,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which 'Gangnam Style' lacked," a Billboard Korea staffer said.
In the meantime, the online version of Rolling Stone chose "Gentleman" as its winner last week.
Read this article in Korean相关的主题文章：

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And the Los Angeles Times wrote that "writer-director Park Hoon-jung tells this twisty story of internecine warfare within a Korean corporate crime syndicate with patience, elegance and no small amount of bloodshed."

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Those who read the story of Daniel Tammet,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a few years ago, were totally stunned. We watched in jaw-dropping astonishment as Daniel Tammet calculated to the hundredth decimal, all in his mind and within a few seconds. Incredibly, he can also learn a new language in just one week. Scientists believe that once they understand how to tap the right resources in our brain, not just Daniel Tammet,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but all of us would be able to perform these amazing brain theatricals.
Vitamin B12
Did you know that your brain shrinks as you age? Vitamin B12 is believed to help protect the brain against this age-related atrophy. It also plays an important role in maintaining healthy functions of the brain and nervous system. Vitamin B12 is needed for the formation of new blood cells.
Citicoline
Citicoline is a form of Choline, a recent addition to the Vitamin B family. Cognizin® is a proprietary compound of Citicoline. It helps neurons to produce energy in the brain. Choline supports cognitive brain functions and the retention of memory. It promotes cell to cell communication and healthy brain aging. Almonds, asparagus,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], eggs, navy beans are natural sources of choline.
In addition to good nutrition and exercise,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], our brains need to be sharpened by mental workouts,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], just like our muscles need toning and firming for optimal performance. Conversely,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], poor nutrition (vitamin deficiencies), certain medications, decreased physical activity, even trauma and stress may negatively affect the performance of the brain.
Eat More Brain Vitamins
Medical evidence strongly suggests that those who pay attention to a healthy diet and regular exercise give their bodies an advantage and may enjoy physical and mental wellbeing well into their senior years. While the brain weighs just about 2 pounds, it uses up 20 percent of our body’s oxygen supply so keeping the brain oxygenated through proper circulation is vital to brain health.
By Kevin Agrawal
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But for mortals like us who struggle with “senior moments” even at the age of 35, scientists have hope for us yet. Yes! It’s all to do with brain foods—the right nutrients that can power the brain to perform optimally supporting cognitive,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], motor, memory and mood functions—even if we never reach genius proportions, a well-versed brain is quite a feat in itself.
What kind of brain nutrients should you eat? Here’s a list of essential vitamins,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], botanicals, antioxidants and nutrients that you should add to your diet for sustaining brain power:
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid that is present in the brain. It helps to support memory, concentration,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], learning, and protect against age-related moodiness.
Huperzine A
Huperzine A is an antioxidant that works as a neuroprotective agent,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. It is believed to help sharpen memory skills and support cognitive functions of the brain. Huperzine is derived from medicinal plants and has been traditionally used in China for centuries.
Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine is a nutrient derived from the periwinkle plant. It supports the retention of memory, cognitive performance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], mental sharpness and alertness. Is promotes cerebral circulation thereby keeping the brain oxygenated. It is used extensively in Europe.
It is noted that people who take a proactive approach to health are agile and are able to retain mental sharpness even as they advance in age. A healthy diet, regular physical exercise and mental workouts along with brain vitamins like Memory Matrix containing memory-specific nutrients can help support mental acuity, coordination and general cerebral health.
Vitamin B12 deficiencies have been linked to brain atrophy and impaired cognitive brain functions. B12 is found in meat, poultry, fish,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], eggs, milk and milk products in good concentrations. Fortified breakfast cereals can also be a good source for B12. Those on purely vegetarian and vegan diets and the elderly are more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiencies.
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Blueberry Extract
Blueberries contain powerful antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins, which help to protect cells from degeneration. Antioxidants support brain health at the basic cellular level. Blueberries support motor skills, coordination and balance.
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Any healthy weight loss diet plan will tell you that there is no magic pill when it comes to weight loss. In their weight loss tips though they should be discussing this healthy weight loss tip.

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In February 2004 Derek Eastman and I were invited as guests at the annual dinner of The Bushido Za Zen International Society by its Chairman Mr Arnold Davies Hanshi an old student of Kenshiro Abbe Sensei and a close friend of my own good friend Bill Woods Sensei.